It is also one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, ranking fifth in natural biodiversity. Mexico ranks first in the Americas and seventh in the world for the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. As a newly industrialized and developing country ranking 86th, high in the Human Development Index, its large economy and population, cultural influence, and steady democratization make Mexico a regional and middle power which is also identified as an emerging power by several analysts. Mexico has the world's 15th-largest economy by nominal GDP and the 11th-largest by PPP, with the United States being its largest economic partner. PRI lost the presidency for the first time in 2000, against the conservative party ( PAN).
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This culminated with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994, which caused a major indigenous rebellion in the state of Chiapas. Nonetheless, the PRI regime resorted to repression and electoral fraud to maintain power, and moved the country to a more US-aligned neoliberal economic policy during the late 20th century. During World War II Mexico also played an important role for the Allied war effort. The PRI governed Mexico for the next 70 years, first under a set of paternalistic developmental policies of considerable economic success. The remaining war generals ruled as a succession of presidents until the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) emerged in 1929. This conflict led to profound changes in Mexican society, including the proclamation of the 1917 Constitution, which remains in effect to this day. However, the Porfiriato era led to great social unrest and ended with the outbreak in 1910 of the decade-long Mexican Revolution (civil war). The last decades of the 19th century were dominated by the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, who sought to modernize Mexico and restore order.
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After the introduction of liberal reforms in the Constitution of 1857, conservatives reacted with the war of Reform and prompted France to invade the country and install an Empire, against the Republican resistance led by liberal President Benito Juárez, which emerged victorious.
Then two invasions by foreign powers took place: first, by the United States as a consequence of the Texas Revolt by American settlers, which led to the Mexican–American War and huge territorial losses in 1848. The Federal Republic of Central America shortly seceded the country. Mexico's early history as an independent nation state was marked by political and socioeconomic upheaval, both domestically and in foreign affairs. The colonial order came to an end in the early nineteenth century with the War of Independence against Spain. Wealth coming from Asia and the New World contributed to Spain's status as a major world power for the next centuries, and brought about a price revolution in Western Europe. With the discovery of rich deposits of silver in Zacatecas and Guanajuato, New Spain soon became one of the most important mining centers worldwide. Over the next three centuries, Spain and the Catholic Church played an important role expanding the territory, enforcing Christianity and spreading the Spanish language throughout. In 1521, the Spanish Empire and its indigenous allies conquered the Aztec Empire from its capital Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), establishing the colony of New Spain. Last were the Aztecs, who dominated the region in the century before European contact. In particular, the Mesoamerican region was home to many intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico goes back to 8,000 BCE and it went to become one of the world's six cradles of civilization. Other major urban areas include Monterrey, Guadalajara, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León. Mexico is organized as a federal republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital. Mexico covers 1,972,550 square kilometers (761,610 sq mi), making it the world's 13th-largest country by area with approximately 126,014,024 inhabitants, it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish-speakers. It is bordered to the north by the United States to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico.
Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. ^ Spanish is de facto the official language in the Mexican federal government.^ Article 4 of the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples.
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